A. Pronoun
*A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. (Noun के बदले प्रयुक्त होने वाले शब्द को Pronoun कहते हैं।)
*Kinds of pronoun:-
1. Personal pronoun (पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम)
2. Possessive pronoun (अधिकार वाचक सर्वनाम)
3. Reflexive pronoun (निजवाचक सर्वनाम)
4.Emphatic pronoun (बलदायक सर्वनाम)
5.Demonstrative pronoun (संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम)
6.Indefinite pronoun (अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम)
7.Reciprocal pronoun (परस्परबोधक सर्वनाम)
8.Distributiver pronoun (व्यष्टिवाचक सर्वनाम)
9.Relative pronoun (संबंधवाचक सर्वनाम)
10.Interrogative pronoun (प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम)
*1. Personal pronoun.
I, we, you, he, she, it, and they are called personal pronouns.
(Note:- वे pronoun जो तीनों person जैसे first person, second person तथा third person में प्रयुक्त होते हैं Personal pronoun कहते हैं।)
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*2. Possessive pronoun.
The pronoun used to show possession is called a possessive pronoun.
(जिस सर्वनाम का प्रयोग अधिकार दिखाने के लिए किया जाता है उससे अधिकार वाचक सर्वनाम कहते हैं।)
Mine, ours, yours, hers, his and theirs are possessive pronouns.
Note:-
(1) possessive pronoun का प्रयोग noun के पहले नहीं होता है, इसका प्रयोग noun के बिना होता है।
Examples:- ours is a great country.
Hers is a good house.
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(2) possessive pronoun का प्रयोग किसी sentence के verb के subject या verb के object या preposition के object के रूप में होता है।
This is mine. That is yours.
Examples:-
* Yours is a new book.
(verb- is का subject- Yours)
* He has lost my books as well as yours. (verb- has lost का object- Yours).
* Your problem is different from mine.
(preposition- from का object- mine.)
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*3. Reflexive pronoun.
The pronouns myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, and themselves are Called reflexive Pronouns when the action done by the subject turns back upon the subject.
जब वाक्य में myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, और themselves के प्रयोग से काम करने का असर खुद करता पर पढ़ना प्रतीत होता है तब उन्हें निजवाचक सर्वनाम (reflexive pronoun) कहा जाता है।
(Note:- वे pronoun जिनके last में self or selves जुड़े रहते है,उन्हें self / reflexive pronoun कहा जाता है।)
Examples:-
I hurt myself.
(मैंने अपने आप को चोट पहुंचाई।)
We can help ourselves.
(हम लोग अपने आपको मदद कर सकते हैं)
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4.Emphatic pronoun
Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, and themselves are
called emphatic pronouns when they are used for the sake of emphasis.
जब वाक्य में myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, और themselves के प्रयोग किसी noun या pronoun पर जोर देने के लिए होता है तब उन्हें बलदायक सर्वनाम (emphatic pronoun) कहा जाता है।
Examples:-
I killed the tiger myself.
(मैंने स्वयं बाघ को मारा।)
He himself said so.
(उसने स्वयं ऐसा कहा।)
You can do it yourself.
(तुम इसे स्वयं कर सकते हो।)
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5.Demonstrative pronouns.
*A pronoun used to point out the object or objects to which it refers is called a demonstrative pronoun
* वे pronouns जो व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं को( point out or demonstrate) सूचित , संकेत या निर्देशितकरने के लिए प्रयुक्त होते हैं। उससे संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम कहते हैं।
This, That, These, और Those, मुख्य Demonstrative Pronouns हैं।
This is a book. These are dogs.
That is a pencil. Those are oxen.
Note : जब This, That, These, Those इत्यादि के ठीक बाद कोई Noun प्रयुक्त रहता है। तब इन्हें demonstrative adjectives. कहा जाता है।
This pen is red.
These books are mine.
That pen is black.
Those books are yours.
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6. Indefinite Pronouns:
An Indefinite pronoun refers to persons or things in a general way and does not refer to any person or thing in particular.
जिस pronoun से किसी निश्चित व्यक्ति या वस्तु का संकेत नहीं मिले, उसे Indefinite Pronouns कहते हैं।
Somebody, nobody, anybody, everybody, some, all, none, many, any, nothing, one, इत्यादि Indefinite Pronouns है।
Somebody has stolen my pen.
None can do this.
Anybody can do this.
Many of them were alive.
Nobody has come yet.
Sone are born great.
Nothing is perfect.
All were foolish.
One, should not praise oneselt.
Note:- some, all, many, any, one, इत्यादि के तुरंत बाद कोई Noun आता है, तब ये Pronouns न कहलाकर Adjectives कहलाता है।
Some boys are absent.ll
All men are mortal.
Any colôur will do.
Have you any pen ?
I shall do it one day.
I have not many pens.
Kinds of Pronouns
1. Personal Pronoun : I, me, we, us, you,
he, him, she, her, it, they, them.
[मैं, मैं, हम, हम, तुम, वह, वह, वह, वह, यह, वे, वे।]
2. Possessive Pronouns : Mine, ours,
yours, his, hers, theirs.
[मेरा, हमारा, तुम्हारा, उसका, उसका, उनका]
3. Demonstrative Pronouns : This, That,
These, Those, Such, The same.
[यह की, ये, वो, ऐसा, वही]
4. Distributive Pronouns : Each, Either,
Neither.
[प्रत्येक, या तो, कोई भी नहीं]
5. Reciprocal Pronouns : Each other, one another.
[एक दूसरे, एक दूसरे]
6. Reflexive Pronouns : Myself, ourselves,
yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves, oneself
[मैं, हम, स्वयं, अपने आप, स्वयं, स्वयं, स्वयं, स्वयं, स्वयं]
7. Emphatic or Emphasizing Pronouns :
Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves, oneself
[मैं, स्वयं, स्वयं, स्वयं, स्वयं, स्वयं, स्वयं, स्वयं, स्वयं]
8. Indefinite Pronouns : Everybody,
Somebody, Nobody, Anybody, Everyone, Someone, Noone, Anyone, Everything, Something, Nothing, Anything, all, some, any, both, another, much, few, little.
[हर कोई, कोई, कोई नहीं, कोई भी, हर कोई, कोई, कोई नहीं, कोई भी, सब कुछ, कुछ, कुछ नहीं, कुछ भी, सब, कुछ, कोई, दोनों, दूसरा, बहुत, कुछ, थोड़ा]
9. Relative pronouns : Who, whom, whose,
which, that.
[कौन, किसका, किसका, जो कि]
10. Interrogative Pronouns : Who, whom,
whose, which, what
[कौन किसे, किसका, कौन सा, क्या]
11. Exclamatory Pronouns : What-
[What का प्रयोग जब sense of surprise (आश्चर्य के भाव) को express (अभिव्यक्त) करने के लिए किया जाता है, तब वह Exclamatory Pronoun कहलाता है।]