Introduction of tense
Tense shows the state of verb.
There are three types of tense.
1. Present tense
2. Past tense
3. Future tense
Present tense:
The verb which is going is called the verb of present tense.
Past tense:
The verb which has finished is called the verb of past tense.
Future tense:
The verb which will be done is called the verb of future tense.
Each tenses is divided into four parts.
1. Simple / Indefinite -
Simple means a verb that is uncertain.
In this state the following are used as main verbs and auxiliary verbs.
Main verb:-
present tense form(V¹)/- s/es form (V⁵).
past tense form (V²) is/are/am/was/were/shall/will.
Helping verb:- [do/does/did/shall/will]
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* Imperfect / continuous / progressive -
The verb which is incomplete.
Main verb:- present participle form-(V⁴).
Helping verb:- Is/are/am/was/were/will be /shall be.
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* Perfect - The verb which is just been completed.
Main verb:- past participle form V³ (verb+en/ed)
Helping verb:- Have/has/had/will have/shall have
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* Perfect continuous :- The verb which is continue long.... time.
Main verb:- present participle form-(V⁴).
Helping verb:-has been/have been/had been/will have been/ shall have been.
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* PRESENT TENSE:
There are four kinds of present tense.
1. Present indefinite /simple present tense.
2. Present Imperfect/continuous/progressive tense.
3. Present perfect tense.
4. Present perfect continuous tense.
* PRESENT INDEFINITE / SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE.
The verb which is uncertain in present is called the verb of simple present tense.
Symbol:-
Hindi sentences in which the verb ends with ta hai/ti hai/te hai (ता है/ती है/ते है) , such sentences are translated into simple present tense.
Structure:-
Affirmative sentence :- S +V¹/V⁵ + OW.
Note:- Verb⁵ with third person singular number and verb¹ with all the rest person and number.
Example:-
I go to market.
Rahul goes to market.
Negative:- S + don't / doesn't + V¹ + OW.
Use of don't & doesn't
Note:- Doesn't with third person singular number and don't with all the rest.
Example:-
I don't write a letter.
The sun doesn't rise in West.
Interrogative:- Do / Does + S + V¹ + OW + ?
Note:- Does with third person singular number and do with all the rest.
Example:-
Do I go to school.
Does Ramu go to school.
WH question:-
what / where / when / why + do / does + S + V¹ + OW +?
Example:-
why do you go to school.
Why does Sita sing a song.
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* PRESENT IMPERFECT/
CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE TENSE.
The verb which is incomplete in present is called the verb of present continuous tense.
Symbol:-
Hindi sentences in which the verb ends with raha hai / rahi hai / rahe hai (रहा है/रही है/रहे है) , such sentences are translated into Present continuous tense.
Structure:-
Affirmative sentence :- S + is/are/am +V⁴ + OW.
Note:- "Am" with first person singular number, "Is" with third person singular number and "Are" with all the rest.
Example:-
I am writing a story.
You are watching the film.
Raghavendra is going to Delhi.
Negative:- S + is/are/am + not + V⁴ + OW.
I am not writing a story.
You are not watching the film.
Interrogative:- Is/Are/Am + S + V⁴ + OW +?
Am I writing a story?
Are you watching the TV?
WH question:- what / where / when / why + Is/are/am + S + V⁴ + OW +?.
What is your name?
Why are you going to school?
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* PRESENT PERFECT
The verb whitch is just been completed in present is called the verb of present perfect tense.
Symbol:-
Hindi sentences in which the verb ends with Chuka hai / Chuki hai / Chuke hai / Aa hai / I hai / E hai (चुका है/चुकी है/आ है/ई है/ ऐ है) , such sentences are translated into Present perfect tense.
Structure:-
Affirmative sentence :- S + have/has + V³ + OW.
Note:- "Has" with third person singular number and "Have" with all the rest.
Example:-
They have eaten sweets.
Raghavendra has exchanged the laptop.
Negative:- S + have/has + not + V³ + OW.
I have not watched film.
He has not written story.
Interrogative:- Have/Has + S + V³ + OW +?
Have I watched film?
Has he written story?
WH question:- what / where / when / why + Have/Has + S + V³ + OW +?
Why have you goen to school?
Note:- For/since is also used with present perfect tense.
* He has not ridden a bicycle since his childhood.
उसने बचपन से साइकिल नहीं चलाई है।
* What has eaten since morning?
उसने सुबह से क्या खाया है?
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* PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:-
The verb which is continue long.... time from past to present is called the verb of present perfect continuous tense..
Symbol:- Hindi sentences in which the verb ends with ta raha hai /ti rahi hai / te rahe hai (ता रहा है/ ती रही है/ते रहे है ), such sentences are translated into Present continuous tense.
Note 1:- If the sentence contains a word indicating time, then "for"/"since" is used before that word.
Note:- If the sentence has a word denoting time and at the end of the sentence ta rha hai / ti rahi hai / te rhe hai or rha hai / rhi hai / rhe hai(ता रहा है / ती रही है /ते रहे है या रहे हैं /रही है /रहे हो ),So "for"/"since" is used before that word.
* For refers to periods of time,
Example:- 3 years, 4 hours, ages, a long time, months, years.
* Since refers to point-in-time,
Example:- 1995, 2 o'clock, 4:30 am, April, Monday
Structure:-
Affirmative sentence :-
S + have/has + been +V⁴ + OW.
Note:- "has been" with first person singular number and "have been" with all the rest.
Note:- Sentences in which the verb began in the past and is still continuing or has just ended. for/since is used with that.
Example:-
Sita has been waiting.
They have been reading.
I have been writing a story for 2 days.
Raghavendra has been running since morning.
Negative:-
S + have/has + not + been +V⁴ + OW.
Example:-
Sita has not been waiting.
They have not been reading.
I have not been writing a story for 2 days.
Raghavendra has not been running since morning.
Interrogative:- Have/Has +S + been +V⁴ + OW?
Example:-
Has Raghavendra been running since morning.
Have I been writing a story for 2 days.
Have they been reading.
Has Sita been waiting.
WH question:- what / where / when / why + have / has + S + V⁴ + OW +?
Example:-
Why has Raghavendra been running since morning.
Where have I been writing a story for 2 days.
What have they been reading.
Why has Sita been waiting.
......... Note ............
1.Use of Is/are/am
When hun/ hai / hain ( हूं/है/हैं) is used as the main verb at the end of a Hindi sentence, then am/is/are is used according to the subject of the sentence.
Example:-
I am poor.
we are rich.
you are healthy.
she is beautiful.
2.Use of was/were
When tha / thee / the is used as the main verb at the end of a Hindi sentence, then was/were is used according to the subject of the sentence.
Example:-
I was happy.
we were ready.
you were tired.
Ram was farmer.
3. Use of Shall be / Will be
When Ga / Ge / Gay is used as a main verb at the end of a Hindi sentence, and it is clear from the meaning of the sentence that the given situation will remain in the future temporarily, then Shall be / will be used in the sentence according to the subject.
Example:-
I shall be happy.
We shall be happy.
They will be honest.
Sita will be a nurse.
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