SECTION 1: GRAMMAR (Language, Five parts of English grammar, ROMAN ALPHABET, HINDI LETTERS IN ROMAN)

SECTION 1: GRAMMAR

Language

Through which a human person expresses his feelings by writing or speaking to others, it is called language.

जिसके माध्यम से मनुष्य अपने मन के भावों को लिखकर या बोलकर दूसरों से प्रकट करता है,उसे भाषा कहते है|

A manual is required to produce every language. Which is called the legal book or grammar of the language which rules the language.

हर 'भाषा' की निर्माण के लिए एक नियमावली की जरुरत होती है| जिसे उस भाषा की कानूनी किताब या व्याकरण कहते है जो भाषा को नियमबद्ध करता है|

Grammar is a compilation of rules that teaches us to write, read and speak pure.

व्याकरण नियमों का वह संकलन है जो हमें शुद्ध_शुद्ध लिखना, पढना और बोलना सिखलाता है|

'Language' is made of a combination of sentences, 'sentence' is made of a combination of words and 'word' is made of a combination of letters.

'भाषा' वाक्यों के मेल से, 'वाक्य' शब्दों के मेल से और 'शब्द' अक्षरों के मेल से बनता है|

Therefore, these three letters, words and sentences are the basic basis of the language.

अतः अक्षर, शब्द और वाक्य ये तीनो ही 'भाषा' के मूल आधार है|

किसी भाषा को जानने के लिए 'वर्ण विचार' 'शब्द विचार' और 'वाक्य विचार' का अध्ययन आवश्यक है|

English grammar is the collection of rules that instruct us to read, write and speak correctly.

English grammar is divided into five parts.

a. Orthography

b. Etymology

c. Syntax

d. Punctuation

e. Prosody

A. Orthography

Orthography is a branch of grammar which teaches us about different type of letters.

वर्ण विचार ग्रामर का वह भाग है, जिसके अंतर्गत विभिन्न प्रकार के वर्णों का अध्यन किया जाता है|

The part of English grammar which describes the difference pronunciation, shape and use of letters etc. is called Orthography.

Example: - alphabet, letters, vowel and consonant.

B. Etymology:

The part of English grammar which describes the types, state and behavior of word etc. is called etymology.

अंग्रेजी ग्रामर के जिस भाग में शब्द के भेद, अवस्था एवं व्यवहार आदि का वर्णन हो, उसे शब्द विचार कहते है|

Etymology is that the part of grammar under which different types of words are studied.

Example: - Study of words in detail through parts of speech. (Noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection)

C. Syntax:

The part of English grammar which describes the rules for making sentences is called syntax.

अंग्रेजी ग्रामर के जिस भाग में वाक्य बनाने के नियमों आदि का वर्णन हो, उसे वाक्य विचार कहते है|

Syntax is the form of grammar under which different types of sentences are studied.

Example:-kinds of sentence, part of sentence, formation of sentence.

D. Punctuation:

The part of English grammar which describes the types and behavior of signs is called punctuation.

अंग्रेजी ग्रामर के जिस भाग में चिन्हों के प्रकार एवं व्यवहार आदि का वर्णन हो, उसे चिन्ह विचार कहते है|

Punctuation is a branch of grammar which makes us learn about different type of signs and symbols.

Example: - Full-stop (.), Interrogation (?), Coma (,), Colin (: ), Semi colon (;), Exclamation marks (!), Colon dash (: –), Brackets ( ), [ ], { }

E. Prosody:

The part of English grammar which describes the type of rhyme and rules of its composition etc. is called prosody.

अंग्रेजी ग्रामर के वह भाग जो छंद के प्रकार तथा उसकी रचना के नियमों आदि का वर्णन करता है, उसे छंद विचार कहते है|

Prosody is a branch of grammar which makes us learn about different types of poetry.

Example: -study the ornaments, verses and quadruplets of poetry.

SECTION 2: GRAMMAR

ROMAN ALPHABET

Alphabet: An ordered group of letters or sounds is called alphabet.

वर्णों या ध्वनियों के क्रमबद्ध समूह को ‘वर्णमाला’ कहते हैं |

A letter is the smallest unit of a language, using which we write any English word.

अक्षर किसी भाषा की सबसे छोटी इकाई है, जिसका प्रयोग करके हम कोई भी अंग्रेजी शब्द लिखते हैं |

There are two types of letter. Big letter and Small letter.

अक्षर दो प्रकार के होते हैं, capital अक्षर और small अक्षर,

Big letters are also called capital letters.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Small letters are also called small letters.

a b c d e f g h i j k l m

n o p q r s t u v w x y z

There are three kinds of letters.

a. Vowel.

b. Consonant.

c. Semi vowel.

अक्षर तीन प्रकार के होते हैं, स्वर , व्यंजन, अर्धस्वर |

Vowel: The letters which are pronounced independently are called vowel.

There are five vowel letters in English alphabet.

These are A, E, I, O, U

जिन वर्णों का उच्चारण स्वतंत्र रूप से किया जाता है, उन्हें स्वर कहते है|

Consonant: The letters which are pronounced with the aid of vowels are called consonant.

There are nineteen consonant letters in English alphabet.

These are B. C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z.

जिन वर्णों का उच्चारण स्वरों की सहायता से किया जाता है, उन्हें व्यंजन कहते हैं|

Semi vowel: The letters which produce the sound of both vowels and consonants are called semi vowel. There are two semi vowel in English alphabet.

These are W & Y

जिन वर्णों से स्वर और व्यंजन दोनों की ध्वनि उत्पन्न होती है, उन्हें अर्धस्वर कहते हैं|

Word: A group letters which makes a complete sense is called a word.

जिस समूह वर्णों का पूर्ण अर्थ हो, उसे शब्द कहते हैं|

Meaning: A spoken word is a combination of sounds essence of which is called meaning.

उच्चारित शब्द ध्वनियों का एक संयोजन है, जिसके सार को अर्थ कहा जाता है|

Spelling: The order of letters in a word is called ‘spelling.

किसी शब्द में अक्षरों के क्रम को वर्तनी कहते है|

Pronunciation: Every letter or word has a sound which is called pronunciation.

प्रत्येक अक्षर या शब्द की एक ध्वनि होती है, जिसे उच्चारण कहते है|

SECTION 3: GRAMMAR

रोमन वर्णमाला में 26 वर्ण होते हैं परन्तुं हिंदी वर्णमाला में 52 वर्ण होते हैं जो कि देवनागरी लिपि और रोमन लिपि में बहुत अंतर है जिसके कारन दोनों भाषाओँ में शुद्धता के दृष्टिकोन से कठिनाइयों का सामना करना स्वभाविक है|

HINDI LETTERS IN ROMAN:

The English alphabet is called the Roman alphabet.

Just as the script of Hindi is ‘Devanagari’, the script of English is roman. This roman script is completely different from our Devanagari. There are 26 letters in roman but 52 letters in ‘Devanagari’. Therefore, one has to experience some difficulty in writing English from Hindi.

We have to write the name of some person every day for different purposes, if you also want to learn this art then remember the following.

a. The Roman script has 5 vowels and 26 consonants. But the Devanagari script has 11 vowel and 41 consonants.

b. In Hindi 11 vowels - अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ / (12 स्वर के प्रतिनिधि रूप है)

Representatives of vowels - ा, ि, ी, ु, ू , ृ , े, ै, ॊ, ौ, ं, ः

There are 5vowels in Roman and 11vowels in Devanagari. How to convert it into Roman?

अ

आ

इ

ई

उ

ऊ

ऋ

ए

ऐ

ओ

औ

अं

अ:

अ+ अ

इ+ इ

उ+ उ

अ+ इ

अ+ उ

A / AA

EE / I

OO / U

AU / OU

AN / AM

c. There are many letters in Hindi alphabet for which there is no letter in the Roman alphabet.

हिंदी के “ङ, ञ और ण” के लिए कोइ रोमन अक्षर नहीं है अत: न (N) के समान ही इन (ङ/ ञ / ण) तीनों केलिए N का प्रयोग किया जाता है|

ङ	ञ	ण	न
N	N	N	N

d. ख, घ, च, छ, झ, ठ, ढ, थ, ध, फ, भ, श, और ष के लिए रोमन में कोइ अक्षर नहीं है अत: हिंदी के इन वर्णों के लिए इनके पूर्ववर्ती वर्ण के रोमन अक्षर में (h) एच जोड़कर बनाते हैं|

ख

घ

च

छ

झ

ठ

ढ

थ

ध

फ

भ

श

ष

CHH

e. Those are some Hindi letter groups for which there is no letter in Roman alphabet, but for those Hindi letter groups the letter matching their pronunciation has been accepted.

ट	ठ	ड	ढ	श
त	थ	द	ध	ष
T	TH	D	DH	SH

How to Write A Name?

There are eleven / thirteen vowel letters in Hindi alphabet.

Vowel letters in Hindi

अ

आ

इ

ई

उ

ऊ

ऋ

ए

ऐ

ओ

औ

अं

अ:

Representative form of Hindi vowel letters.

‌‍‍‌‌T

ि

ी

ु

ू

ृ

े

ै

ो

ौ

ं

ः

Representative form of Hindi vowel in English

There are thirty six consonant letters in Hindi alphabet.

क	ख	ग	घ	ङ	च	छ	ज	झ	ञ
Ka	Kha	Ga	Gha	Na	Cha	Chha	Ja	Jha	Na
ट	ठ	ड	ढ	ण	त	थ	द	ध	न
Ta	Tha	Da	Dha	Na	Ta	Tha	Da	Dha	Na
प	फ	ब	भ	म	य	र	ल	व	श
Pa	Pha	Ba	Bha	Ma	Ya	Ra	La	Va / Wa	Sha
ष	स	ह	क्ष	त्र	ज्ञ	श्र	ड़	ढ़
Sha	Sa	Ha	Ksha	Tra	gya	Shra	da / ra	dha / rha

To write names in Roman or Hindi, representatives of vowels are mixed with consonant letters as follows.

अ

आ

इ

ई

उ

ऊ

ऋ

ए

ऐ

ओ

औ

अं

अ:

‌‍‍‌‌T

ि

ी

ु

ू

ृ

े

ै

ो

ौ

ं

ः

I/EE

OO/U

क्

का

कि

की

कु

कू

कृ

के

कै

को

कौ

कं

क:

KEE

KOO

KRI

KAI

KAU

KAN

KHA

ख्

खा

खि

खी

खु

खू

खृ

खे

खै

खो

खौ

खं

खः

KHA

KHI

KHEE

KHU

KHOO

KHRI

KHE

KHAI

KHO

KHAU

KHAN

KHAH

ग्

गा

गि

गी

गु

गू

गृ

गे

गै

गो

गौ

गं

ग:

GEE

GOO

GRI

GAI

GAU

GAN

GAH

घ्

घा

घि

घी

घु

घू

घृ

घे

घै

घो

घौ

घं

घः

GHA

GHI

GHEE

GHU

GHOO

GHRI

GHE

GHAI

GHO

GHAU

GHAN

GHAH

च्

चा

चि

ची

चु

चू

चृ

चे

चै

चो

चौ

चं

चः

CHA

CHI

CHEE

CHU

CHOO

CHRI

CHE

CHAI

CHO

CHAU

CHAN

CHAH

छ्

छा

छि

छी

छु

छू

छृ

छे

छै

छो

छौ

छं

छः

CHH

CHHA

CHHI

CHHEE

CHHU

CHHOO

CHHRI

CHHE

CHHAI

CHHO

CHHAU

CHHAN

CHHAH

ज्

जा

जि

जी

जु

जू

जृ

जे

जै

जो

जौ

जं

जः

JEE

JOO

JRI

JAI

JAU

JAN

JAH

झ्

झा

झि

झी

झु

झू

झृ

झे

झै

झो

झौ

झं

झः

JHA

JHI

JHEE

JHU

JHOO

JRI

JHE

JHAI

JHO

JHAU

JHAN

JHAH

1. Remember the proper English letters given for above Hindi vowels and consonants and use them carefully while writing names in English.

(उपरोक्त हिंदी स्वरों और व्यंजनों के लिए दिए गए उचित अंग्रेगी अक्षरों को याद रखें और अंग्रेगी में नाम लिखते समय उनका सावधानी से उपयोग करें|)

2. Write spelling as pre pronunciation. (उच्चारण के अनुसार spelling लिखें )

3. If there is no representatives form of vowel at the end of a name, them “a” is not used at the end of the word because the consonant is not complete.

(यदि किसी नाम के अंत में स्वर का कोई प्रतिनिधि रूप न हो, तो व्यंजन पूर्ण न होने के करण शब्द के अंत में ‘ए’ का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है)

4. Now let’s practice writing names in English. (आओ अब English में नाम लिखने का अभ्यास करें)

As: राम = रा + म = Ram राधा = रा + धा = Radha रानी = रा + नी = Rani

कविता = कवि + ता = Kavita प्रदीप = प्र + दीप = Pradeep नरेंद्र = नर + इन्द्र = Narendra

In this way, write Roman letters in four-line copy.

a, c, e, i, m, n, o, r, s, u, v, w, x, z

बीच की दो पंक्तियों में लिखे जाने वाले वर्ण - a, c, e, i, m, n, o, r, s, u, v, w, x, z = 14 letters

b, d, h, k, l, t

ऊपर की तीन पंक्तियों में लिखे जाने वाले वर्ण – b, d, h, k, l, t = 6 letters

चार पंक्तियों में लिखे जाने वाले वर्ण – f = 1 letter

g, j, p, q, y

नीचे की तीन पंक्ति में लिखे जाने वाले वर्ण – g, j, p, q, y = 5 letters

SECTION 4: GRAMMAR

All the English words are divided into eight groups according to the work they do in a sentence. Each group is called parts of speech.

अंग्रेजी में जितने भी शब्द है उनको वाक्यों में प्रयोग के विचार से आठ भागों में बांटा गया है| इनमें से प्रत्येक भाग को शब्द-भेद कहते हैं|

How many kinds of parts of speech?

There are eight kinds of parts of speech.

[1] Noun संज्ञा

[2] Pronoun सर्वनाम

[3] Adjective विशेषण

[4] Verb क्रिया

[5] Adverb क्रिया-विशेषण

[6] Preposition संबंधबोधक

[7] Conjunction संयोजक

[8] Interjection. विस्मयादिबोधक

A noun is the name of a person, animal, place or thing.

(Naming word) As: - Sita, Geeta, Bettiah, Delhi, cat, pen, table, bench etc.

किसी व्यक्ति, जानवर, स्थान या वस्तु के नाम को संज्ञा कहते हैं|

How to find a noun?

By applying 'who, who, what or whom' in the verb, the person, thing, place, work or quality that comes in the answer, it will be a noun.

Example: Rupa writes a later.

In the above sentence, the word 'write' is a verb,

Now ask the question - who writes? Got the answer - Roopa.

Now ask the question - what does it write?

Got the answer - letter. So in the example 'Rupa and letter' are nouns.

A pronoun is a word which is used in place of noun.

(The word used in place of noun) As: - I, we. You, he, she, it they etc.

जिस शब्द का प्रयोग संज्ञा के बदले में किया जाता है, उसे सर्वनाम कहते है|

How to find a pronoun?

The rules for determining nouns are also used to determine pronouns.

Example: Ramesh did not come as he was not invited.

In these sentences he is used for Ramesh; she is used for Geeta.

Hence the words he and she are pronouns.

An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun or pronoun.

(Describing word) As: - Good, bed, beautiful, healthy, red, white, big, small etc.

संज्ञा और सर्वनाम की विशेषता बतानेवाले शब्द को विशेषण कहते है|

A verb is a word which denotes action of a noun or pronoun.

(Doing words) As: - eat, play, come, go, am, is, are, has etc.

जिस शब्द से किसी कार्य के होने या करने का बोध हो, उसे क्रिया कहते है|

How to find a verb?

Generally, by putting 'what does', 'what did', 'what will do', 'what happened' in subject, 'verb' will come in the answer.

Examples: Deepu rates a book. They have learnt a poem. Murari died of cancer.

In the above sentence, Deepu, they and Murari are the subject.

Now question: What does Deepu do? Found the answer - 'reads'.

Now question: what have they done? Answer: 'have learned'

Now ask: what happened to him? Answer: 'died'

Hence, in the above sentences, 'reads', 'have learned' and 'died' are verbs.

An adverb is a word which qualifies adjective, verb, or another Adverb.

(Other describing word) As:-slowly, careful, very etc.

किसी क्रिया, विशेषण या क्रिया विशेषण की विशेषता बतानेवाले शब्द को क्रिया-विशेषण कहते है|

A preposition is a word which used before a noun or pronoun to show its relation with another word in a sentence.

(relation word) As: - in, at, on, from, to, of etc.

वह शब्द जो संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के पहले आकर उसका संबंध वाक्य के अन्य शब्दों के साथ बताता है, संबंधबोधक होता है|

A conjunction is a word.It joins words to one-another or one sentences to another. (Joining words) As: - and, but, or etc.

वह शब्द जो दो शब्दों या दो से अधिक वाक्यों को आपस में जोड़ता हो, संयोजक कहलाता है|

An interjection is a word which expresses the sudden feelings of heart. (Feeling words) As: - Alas, Ah, Oh, Hello, etc.

वे शब्द जो हृदय के आकस्मिक भावों या ख़ुशी, दुःख, आश्चर्य आदि को प्रकट करता है विस्मयादिबोधक होता है|

The Noun: Kind of Noun

How many kinds of noun? Write its name:-

There are five kinds of noun:-

1. Proper Noun

2. Common Noun

3. Collective Noun

4. Material Noun

5. Abstract Noun

There are three kinds of modern classification of noun.

1. Proper noun 2. Countable noun 3. Countable noun

Proper Noun: - A proper noun is the name of particular person, animal, place or thing.

[Particular naming words]

किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु, आदि के खास नाम को व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा कहते है |

Common Noun: - A Common noun denotes the name of every person or class of thing of the same kind or group.

[Common naming words]

जातिवाचक संज्ञा के शब्द से किसी खास व्यक्ति, जाति या स्थान का बोध न होकर पूरी जाति या वर्ग का सामान्य रूप से बोध होता है|

Collective Noun: - A Collective noun denote an assembly, a group or a collection of similar type of persons or things.

[Group of naming word]

किसी समूह या झुण्ड का बोध करनेवाले शब्द को समूहवाचक संज्ञा कहते है|

Abstract noun: -An abstract noun is the name of some quality, state, feeling or idea that we can only think of or feel but cannot see or touch. [Only feeling naming word]

उस गुण, अवस्था, विचार या भाव के नाम को भाववाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं, जिसे देखा या छुआ नहीं जा सकता है, सिर्फ अनुभव किया जा सकता है|

Material Noun: - A material noun is the name of a material substance which is measured or weighed but not counted.

[Measure or weighted naming words]

जिस संज्ञा से किसी द्रव्य / पदार्थ का बोध होता है, जिसे मापा या तौला जाता है किन्तु गिना नहीं जाता है, उसे द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा कहते है|

Countable noun: - The noun which can be counted is called the countable noun.

[Countable naming words]

जिस संज्ञा को हम गिना सकते है, उसे गणनीय संज्ञा कहते है|

Uncountable noun: - The noun which cannot be counted is called the uncountable noun.

[Uncountable naming words]

जिस संज्ञा को हम नहीं गिना सकते है, उसे अगणनीय संज्ञा कहते है|

Pick out the nouns in the following sentences and say what kinds of noun they are:-

Ram is a good boy.

(Ram – proper Noun, boy – common noun)

The students are going to school.

(Student / school – common noun)

Patna is the capital of Bihar.

(Patna / Bihar – proper Noun, capital – common noun)

Milk is good for health.

(Milk – Material Noun, health – Abstract noun)

Samir was reading a book in his class.

(Samir – proper Noun, book – common noun, class - collective noun)

She is the best girl in the school.

(Girl / school – common noun)

In each of the following groups of words, pick out the noun that belongs to different class of noun from the rest:-

Gold, rice, ghee, mango, sand.

(Mango – common noun / Countable noun)

Father, brother, family, son, friend.

(Family – collective noun / Countable noun)

Doll, Dolly, Ball, Cup, plate.

(Dolly – Proper noun.)

Boy, childhood, girl, son, daughter.

(Childhood – Abstract noun / Uncountable noun)

Chair, boy, watch, wood, river.

(Wood – Material noun / Uncountable noun)

Joy, soil, life, love, beauty.

(Soil – Material noun / Uncountable noun)

The Noun: Gender

There are four types gender in English grammar.

Masculine Gender Feminine Gender

Common Gender Neuter Gender

Masculine Gender: - A noun that denotes a male is said to be of the masculine gender.

Father, Brother, Tiger, Actor, Horse, He

Feminine Gender: - A noun that denotes a female is said to be of the feminine gender.

Mother, Sister, Queen, Daughter, Woman, She

Common Gender: - A noun that can denote both male and female is said to be of the common gender.

Baby, Teacher, Child, Student, Parent, I, We, You, They

Neuter Gender: - The noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor female is said to be of the Neuter gender.

Pen, Chair, Book, Fly, Dog, Cat, It

How plurals are formed.

The plural of nouns is generally formed by adding –s to the singular noun.

Boy-boys book-books tree-trees school-schools

But nouns ending in-s,-ss,-sh,-ch or-x form the plural by adding –es to the singular noun.

Ass-asses bus-buses gas-gases box-boxes

Note:-If the noun ends in –ch and which produce the sound of –k form their plural by adding-s to the singular noun.

Stomach-stomachs monarch-monarchs

A few nouns ending in –y

[A] Noun ending in-y preceded by a consonant form their plural by changing-y into-i and adding-as.

Baby-babies fly-flies city-cities story-stories

[B] If –y comes after a vowel the plural is formed by simply adding-s to the singular noun.

Toy-toys key-keys bay-bays ray-rays

Some nouns ending in –o

[A] Noun ending in-o preceded by a consonant form their plural by adding-es to the singular noun.

Hero-heroes Potato-potatoes mango-mangoes

[B] If –o comes after a vowel the plural is formed by simply adding-s to the singular noun.

Radio-radios bamboo-bamboos Folio-folios cuckoo-cuckoos

Nouns ending in –f or –fe form their plural by changing-f or –fe into –v and adding -es

Wife-wives life-lives knife-knives

Calf-calves shelf-shelves

Some Exceptions:

Proof-proofs roof-roofs hoof-hoofs chief-chiefs

A few nouns form their plural by changing the inside vowel of the singular noun.

Man-men woman-women foot-feet tooth-teeth

There are a few nouns that their plural by adding-en the singular noun.

Ox-oxen child-children

A compound noun generally forms its plural by adding-s the principal word.

Son-in-low sons-in-low father-in-low Fathers-in-low

Personal pronouns

I, we, you, he, she, it and they are called Personal pronouns because they stand for the three persons.

Personal pronouns are used for three persons:-

The person speaking. [Mean speaker]

The persons which denote the person or persons speaking are said to be the pronouns of first person:-

As: - I, me, my, mine, myself, we, our, ours, us, ourselves.

The person who speaks is called first person.

The person spoken to. [Mean Listener]

The persons which denote the person or persons spoken to be said to be the pronouns of second person: -

As: - you, your, yours, yourself, yourselves.

The person who is spoken to is called second person.

The person spoken of. [Mean which can be said about something]

The persons which denote the person or persons spoken of are said to be the pronouns of third person: -

As: - He, she, it, they, him, her, them etc.

The person about whom something is spoken is called third person.

Note: -

Speaker: - First person,

Listener: - Second person,

Which can be said about something: - Third person.

Personal pronouns & their kinds

A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender and case.

Subjective personal pronouns

A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence.

The subjective personal pronouns are I, you, she, he, it, we, you, and they.

As: - I was going, It is on the counter. I was glad to find the bus in time.

Objective personal pronouns

An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase.

The objective personal pronouns are me, you, her, him, it, us, you and them.

As:-After reading the pamphlet, Abhay threw it into dustbin.

[The pronoun it is the direct object of the verb threw.]

Possessive personal pronouns

A possessive pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as a marker of possession and defines who owns a particular object or person.

The possessive personal pronouns are mine, yours, hers, his, ours and theirs.

As: - The smallest gift is mine.

[Here the possessive pronoun mine functions as a subject complement.]

Note: - possessive personal pronouns are very similar to possessive

Demonstrative pronouns

A pronoun used to point out the object or objects to which it refers is called a demonstrative pronoun.

The demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these and those. This and that are used to refer to singular nouns and these and those are used to refer to plural nouns.

As: - This must not continue.

[Here this is used as the subject of the compound verb must not continue.]

Three customers wanted these.

[Here these is the direct object of the verb wanted.]

Note: - This, that, these, those are demonstrative adjectives when they are used with nouns:-

As: - This book is mine [Here this is used with (book) noun. So this is an adjective]

Interrogative pronouns

The pronoun used for asking a question is called an interrogative pronoun.

The interrogative pronouns are who, whom, which, what and the compounds formed with the suffix ever [whoever, whomever, whichever and whatever.]

As: - Which wants to see the dentist first?

[Which is the subject of sentence?]

Who wrote the novel ‘Rock Bound’?

[Similarly who is the subject of sentence?]

Whom do you think we should invite?

[In this sentence, whom is the object of the verb invite?]

To whom do you wish to speak?

[In this example the interrogative pronoun whom is the object of the preposition to.]

Relative pronouns

The pronoun which refers to some noun going before and at the same time join to sentences together is called a relative pronoun.

The relative pronouns are who, whom, which and that .the compounds whoever, whomever, and whichever are also relative pronouns.

[You can use the relative pronouns who and whoever to refer to the subject of sentence, and whom and whomever to refer to the objects of verb, a verbal or preposition.]

As: - You may invite whomever you like to the party.

[The relative pronoun whoever is the direct object of the compound verb may invite.]

Whoever broke the window will have to replace it.

[Here whoever functions as the subject of the verb broke.]

Indefinite pronouns

An indefinite pronoun refers to persons or things in a general way and does not refer to any person or thing in particular.

The most common indefinite pronouns are all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, every day, everyone. Few, many, nobody, none, one, some, somebody, and someone

[Note: - Some indefinite pronouns can also be used as indefinite adjectives.]

As: - Many were invited to the lunch but only twelve moved up.

[Here many acts as the subject of the compound verb were invited.]

The office had been searched and everything was thrown onto the floor.

[In this example, everything acts as a subject of the compound verb was thrown.]

Reflexive pronouns

An indefinite pronoun refers to persons or things in a general way and does not refer to any person or thing in particular.

The most common indefinite pronouns are all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, every day, everyone. Few, many, nobody, none, one, some, somebody, and someone

Note: -What, which and whose they are used with nouns are used in the interrogative adjective.

What is used of things only?

Relative pronouns

The pronoun used for asking a question is called an interrogative pronoun.

As:- Who, whom, whose, what and which

Remember

Who, whom and whose are used of person only?

Who spoke? Who goes there? [We expect the answer to be the name of person.]

Which is used of both persons and things?

\Which is your friend? Which of these books is yours? What is used of things only?

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SECTION 1: GRAMMAR (Language, Five parts of English grammar, ROMAN ALPHABET, HINDI LETTERS IN ROMAN)

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